Contact-less power transfer

ABSTRACT

There is disclosed a system and method for transferring power without requiring direct electrical conductive contacts. There is provided a primary unit having a power supply and a substantially laminar charging surface having at least one conductor that generates an electromagnetic field when a current flows therethrough and having an charging area defined within a perimeter of the surface, the at least one conductor being arranged such that electromagnetic field lines generated by the at least one conductor are substantially parallel to the plane of the surface or at least subtend an angle of 45° or less to the surface within the charging area: and at least one secondary device including at least one conductor that may be wound about a core. Because the electromagnetic field is spread over the charging area and is generally parallel or near-parallel thereto, coupling with flat secondary devices such as mobile telephones and the like is significantly improved in various orientations thereof.

The present application claims priority from UK patent applications nos 0210886.8 of 13 May 2002, 0213024.3 of 7^(th) Jun. 2002, 0225006.6 of 28^(th) Oct. 2002 and 0228425.5 of 6^(th) Dec. 2002, as well as from U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/326,571 of 20^(th) Dec. 2002. The full contents of all of these prior patent applications is hereby incorporated into the present application by reference.

This invention relates to a new apparatus and method for transferring power in a contact-less fashion.

Many of today's portable devices incorporate “secondary” power cells which can be recharged, saving the user the cost and inconvenience of regularly having to purchase new cells. Example devices include cellular telephones, laptop computers, the Palm 500 series of Personal Digital Assistants, electric shavers and electric toothbrushes. In some of these devices, the cells are recharged via inductive coupling rather than direct electrical connection. Examples include the Braun Oral B Plak Control power toothbrush, the Panasonic Digital Cordless Phone Solution KX-PH15AL and the Panasonic multi-head men's shavers ES70/40 series.

Each of these devices typically has an adaptor or charger which takes power from mains electricity, a car cigarette lighter or other sources of power and converts it into a form suitable for charging the secondary cells. There are a number of problems associated with conventional means of powering or charging these devices:

-   -   Both the characteristics of the cells within each device and the         means of connecting to them vary considerably from manufacturer         to manufacturer, and from device to device. Therefore users who         own several such devices must also own several different         adaptors. If users are going away on travel, they will have to         bring their collection of chargers if they expect to use their         devices during this time.     -   These adaptors and chargers often require users to plug a small         connector into the device or to place the device with accurate         alignment into a stand causing inconvenience. If users fail to         plug or place their device into a charger and it runs out of         power, the device becomes useless and important data stored         locally in the device might even be lost.     -   In addition, most adaptors and chargers have to be plugged into         mains sockets and hence if several are used together, they take         up space in plug strips and create a messy and confusing tangle         of wires.     -   Besides the above problems with conventional methods of         recharging devices, there are also practical problems associated         with devices having an open electrical contact. For example,         devices cannot be used in wet environments due to the         possibility of corroding or shorting out the contacts and also         they cannot be used in flammable gaseous environments due to the         possibility of creating electrical sparks.

Chargers which use inductive charging remove the need to have open electrical contacts hence allowing the adaptor and device to be sealed and used in wet environments (for example the electric toothbrush as mentioned above is designed to be used in a bathroom). However such chargers still suffer from all other problems as described above. For example, the devices still need to be placed accurately into a charger such that the device and the charger are in a predefined relative position (See FIGS. 1 a and 1 b). The adaptors are still only designed specifically for a certain make and model of device and are still only capable of charging one device at a time. As a result, users still need to possess and manage a collection of different adaptors.

Universal chargers (such as the Maha MH-C777 Plus Universal charger) also exist such that battery packs of different shapes and characteristics can be removed from the device and charged using a single device. Whilst these universal chargers eliminate the need for having different chargers for different devices, they create even more inconvenience for the user in the sense that the battery packs first need to be removed, then the charger needs to be adjusted and the battery pack needs to be accurately positioned in or relative to the charger. In addition, time must be spent to determine the correct pair of battery pack metal contacts which the charger must use.

It is known from U.S. Pat. No. 3,938,018 “Induction charging system” to provide a means for non-contact battery charging whereby an inductive coil on the primary side aligns with a horizontal inductive coil on a secondary device when the device is placed into a cavity on the primary side. The cavity ensures the relatively precise alignment which is necessary with this design to ensure that good coupling is achieved between the primary and secondary coils.

It is also known from U.S. Pat. No. 5,959,433 “Universal Inductive Battery Charger System” to provide a non-contact battery charging system. The battery charger described includes a single charging coil which creates magnetic flux lines which will induce an electrical current in a battery pack which may belong to cellular phones or laptop computers.

It is also known from U.S. Pat. No. 4,873,677 “Charging Apparatus for an Electronic Device” to provide an apparatus for charging an electronic device which includes a pair of coils. This pair of coils is designed to operate in anti-phase such that magnetic flux lines are coupled from one coil to the other. An electronic device such as a watch can be placed on these two coils to receive power.

It is also known from U.S. Pat. No. 5,952,814 “Induction charging apparatus and an electronic device” to provide an induction charger for charging a rechargeable battery. The shape of the external casing of the electronic device matches the internal shape of the charger thus allowing for accurate alignment of the primary and secondary coils.

It is also known from U.S. Pat. No. 6,208,115 “Battery substitute pack” to provide a substitute battery pack which may be inductively recharged.

It is known from WO 00/61400 “Device for Inductively Transmitting Electrical Power” to provide a means of transferring power inductively to conveyors.

It is known from WO 95/11545 “Inductive power pick-up coils” to provide a system for inductive powering of electric vehicles from a series of in-road flat primaries.

To overcome the limitations of inductive power transfer systems which require that secondary devices be axially aligned with the primary unit, one might propose that an obvious solution is to use a simple inductive power transfer system whereby the primary unit is capable of emitting an electromagnetic field over a large area (See FIG. 2 a). Users can simply place one or more devices to be recharged within range of the primary unit, with no requirement to place them accurately. For example this primary unit may consist of a coil encircling a large area. When a current flows through the coil, an electromagnetic field extending over a large area is created and devices can be placed anywhere within this area. Although theoretically feasible, this method suffers from a number of drawbacks. Firstly, the intensity of electromagnetic emissions is governed by regulatory limits. This means that this method can only support power transfer at a limited rate. In addition, there are many objects that can be affected by the presence of an intense magnetic field. For example, data stored on credit cards maybe destroyed and objects made of metal will have induced therein eddy currents generating undesired heating effects. In addition, if a secondary device comprising a conventional coil (see FIG. 2 a) is placed against a metallic plate such as a copper plane in a printed circuit board or metallic can of a cell, coupling is likely to be significantly reduced.

To avoid the generation of large magnetic fields, one might suggest using an array of coils (See FIG. 3) whereby only the coils needed are activated. This method is described in a paper published in the Journal of the Magnetics Society of Japan titled “Coil Shape in a Desk-type Contactless Power Station System” (29′ Nov. 2001). In an embodiment of the multiple-coil concept, a sensing mechanism senses the relative location of the secondary device relative to the primary unit. A control system then activates the appropriate coils to deliver power to the secondary device in a localised fashion. Although this method provides a solution to the problems previously listed, it does so in a complicated and costly way. The degree to which the primary field can be localised is limited by the number of coils and hence the number of driving circuits used (i.e. the “resolution” of the primary unit). The cost associated with a multiple-coil system would severely limit the commercial applications of this concept. Non-uniform field distribution is also a drawback. When all the coils are activated in the primary unit, they sum to an equivalent of a large coil, the magnetic field distribution of which is seen to exhibit a minimum at the centre of the coil. Another scheme is outlined in U.S. Pat. No. 5,519,262 “Near Field Power Coupling System”, whereby a primary unit has a number of narrow inductive coils (or alternatively capacitive plates) arranged from one end to the other of a flat plate, creating a number of vertical fields which are driven in a phase-shifted manner so that a sinusoidal wave of activity moves across the plate. A receiving device has two vertical field pickups arranged so that regardless of its position on the plate it can always collect power from at least one pickup. While this scheme also offers freedom of movement of the device, it has the disadvantages of needing a complex secondary device, having a fixed resolution, and having poor coupling because the return flux path is through air.

None of the prior art solutions can satisfactorily address all of the problems that have been described. It would be convenient to have a solution which is capable of transferring power to portable devices with all of the following features and is cost effective to implement:

-   -   Universality: a single primary unit which can supply power to         different secondary devices with different power requirements         thereby eliminating the need for a collection of different         adaptors and chargers;     -   Convenience: a single primary unit which allows secondary         devices to be placed anywhere within an active vicinity thereby         eliminating the need for plugging-in or placing secondary         devices accurately relative to an adaptor or charger;     -   Multiple-load: a single primary unit that can supply power to a         number of secondary different devices with different power         requirements at the same time;     -   Flexibility for use in different environments: a single primary         unit that can supply power to secondary devices such that no         direct electrical contact is required thereby allowing for         secondary devices and the primary unit itself to be used in wet,         gaseous, clean and other atypical environments;     -   Low electromagnetic emissions: a primary unit that can deliver         power in a manner that will minimize the intensity and size of         the magnetic field generated.

It is further to be appreciated that portable appliances are proliferating and they all need batteries to power them. Primary cells, or batteries of them, must be disposed of once used, which is expensive and environmentally unfriendly. Secondary cells or batteries can be recharged and used again and again.

Many portable devices have receptacles for cells of an industry-standard size and voltage, such as AA, AAA, C, D and PP3. This leaves the user free to choose whether to use primary or secondary cells, and of various types. Once depleted, secondary cells must typically be removed from the device and placed into a separate recharging unit. Alternatively, some portable devices do have recharging circuitry built-in, allowing cells to be recharged in-situ once the device is plugged-in to an external source of power.

It is inconvenient for the user to have to either remove cells from the device for recharging, or to have to plug the device into an external power source for recharging in-situ. It would be far preferable to be able to recharge the cells without doing either, by some non-contact means.

Some portable devices are capable of receiving power coupled inductively from a recharger, for example the Braun Oral B Plak Control toothbrush. Such portable devices typically have a custom, dedicated power-receiving module built-in to the device, which then interfaces with an internal standard cell or battery (which may or may not be removable).

However it would be convenient if the user could transform any portable device which accepts industry-standard cell sizes into an inductively-rechargeable device, simply by fitting inductively-rechargeable cells or batteries, which could then be recharged in-situ by placing the device onto an inductive recharger.

Examples of prior art include U.S. Pat. No. 6,208,115, which discloses a substitute battery pack which may be inductively recharged.

According to a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a system for transferring power without requiring direct electrical conductive contacts, the system comprising:

-   -   i) a primary unit including a substantially laminar charging         surface and at least one means for generating an electromagnetic         field, the means being distributed in two dimensions across a         predetermined area in or parallel to the charging surface so as         to define at least one charging area of the charging surface         that is substantially coextensive with the predetermined area,         the charging area having a width and a length on the charging         surface, wherein the means is configured such that, when a         predetermined current is supplied thereto and the primary unit         is effectively in electromagnetic isolation, an electromagnetic         field generated by the means has electromagnetic field lines         that, when averaged over any quarter length part of the charging         area measured parallel to a direction of the field lines,         subtend an angle of 45° or less to the charging surface in         proximity thereto and are distributed in two dimensions         thereover, and wherein the means has a height measured         substantially perpendicular to the charging area that is less         than either of the width or the length of the charging area; and     -   ii) at least one secondary device including at least one         electrical conductor; wherein, when the at least one secondary         device is placed on or in proximity to a charging area of the         primary unit, the electromagnetic field lines couple with the at         least one conductor of the at least one secondary device and         induce a current to flow therein.

According to a second aspect of the present invention, there is provided a primary unit for transferring power without requiring direct electrical conductive contacts, the primary unit including a substantially laminar charging surface and at least one means for generating an electromagnetic field, the means being distributed in two dimensions across a predetermined area in or parallel to the charging surface so as to define at least one charging area of the charging surface that is substantially coextensive with the predetermined area, the charging area having a width and a length on the charging surface, wherein the means is configured such that, when a predetermined current is supplied thereto and the primary unit is effectively in electromagnetic isolation, an electromagnetic field generated by the means has electromagnetic field lines that, when averaged over any quarter length part of the charging area measured parallel to a direction of the field lines, subtend an angle of 45° or less to the charging surface in proximity thereto and are distributed in two dimensions thereover, and wherein the means has a height measured substantially perpendicular to the charging area that is less than either of the width or the length of the charging area.

According to a third aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of transferring power in a non-conductive manner from a primary unit to a secondary device, the primary unit including a substantially laminar charging surface and at least one means for generating an electromagnetic field, the means being distributed in two dimensions across a predetermined area in or parallel to the charging surface so as to define at least one charging area of the charging surface that is substantially coextensive with the predetermined area, the charging area having a width and a length on the charging surface, the means having a height measured substantially perpendicular to the charging area that is less than either of the width or the length of the charging area, and the secondary device having at least one electrical conductor; wherein:

-   -   i) an electromagnetic field, generated by the means when         energised with a predetermined current and measured when the         primary unit is effectively in electromagnetic isolation, has         electromagnetic field lines that, when averaged over any quarter         length part of the charging area measured parallel to a         direction of the field lines, subtend an angle of 45° or less to         the charging surface in proximity thereto and are distributed in         two dimensions over the at least one charging area when averaged         thereover; and     -   ii) the electromagnetic field links with the conductor of the         secondary device when this is placed on or in proximity to the         charging area.

According to a fourth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a secondary device for use with the system, unit or method of the first, second or third aspects, the secondary device including at least one electrical conductor and having a substantially laminar form factor.

In the context of the present application, the word “laminar” defines a geometry in the form of a thin sheet or lamina. The thin sheet or lamina may be substantially flat, or may be curved.

The primary unit may include an integral power supply for the at least one means for generating an electromagnetic field, or may be provided with connectors or the like enabling the at least one means to be connected to an external power supply.

In some embodiments, the means for generating the electromagnetic field have a height that is no more than half the width or half the length of the charging area; in some embodiments, the height may be no more than ⅕ of the width or ⅕ of the length of the charging area.

The at least one electrical conductor in the secondary device may be wound about a core that serves to concentrate flux therein. In particular, the core (where provided) may offer a path of least resistance to flux lines of the electromagnetic field generated by the primary unit. The core may be amorphous magnetically permeable material. In some embodiments, there is no need for an amorphous core.

Where an amorphous core is provided, it is preferred that the amorphous magnetic material is a non-annealed or substantially as-cast state. The material may be at least 70% non-annealed, or preferably at least 90% non-annealed. This is because annealing tends to make amorphous magnetic materials brittle, which is disadvantageous when contained in a device, such as a mobile phone, which may be subjected to rough treatment, for example by being accidentally dropped. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the amorphous magnetic material is provided in the form of a flexible ribbon, which may comprise one or more layers of one or more of the same or different amorphous magnetic materials. Suitable materials include alloys which may contain iron, boron and silicon or other suitable materials. The alloy is melted and then cooled so rapidly (“quenched”) that there is no time for it to crystallise as it solidifies, thus leaving the alloy in a glass-like amorphous state. Suitable materials include Metglas® 2714A and like materials. Permalloy or mumetal or the like may also be used.

The core in the secondary device, where provided, is preferably a high magnetic permeability core. The relative permeability of this core is preferably at least 100, even more preferably at least 500, and most preferably at least 1000, with magnitudes of at least 10,000 or 100,000 being particularly advantageous.

The at least one means for generating an electromagnetic field may be a coil, for example in the form of a length of wire or a printed strip, or may be in the form of a conductive plate of appropriate configuration, or may comprise any appropriate arrangement of conductors. A preferred material is copper, although other conductive materials, generally metals, may be used as appropriate. It is to be understood that the term “coil” is here intended to encompass any appropriate electrical conductor forming an electrical circuit through which current may flow and thus generate an electromagnetic field. In particular, the “coil” need not be wound about a core or former or the like, but may be a simple or complex loop or equivalent structure.

Preferably, the charging area of the primary unit is large enough to accommodate the conductor and/or core of the secondary device in a plurality of orientations thereof. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the charging area is large enough to accommodate the conductor and/or core of the secondary device in any orientation thereof. In this way, power transfer from the primary unit to the secondary device may be achieved without having to align the conductor and/or core of the secondary device in any particular direction when placing the secondary device on the charging surface of the primary unit.

The substantially laminar charging surface of the primary unit may be substantially planar, or may be curved or otherwise configured to fit into a predetermined space, such as a glove compartment of a car dashboard or the like. It is particularly preferred that the means for generating an electromagnetic field does not project or protrude above or beyond the charging surface.

A key feature of the means for generating an electromagnetic field in the primary unit is that electromagnetic field lines generated by the means, measured when the primary unit is effectively in magnetic isolation (i.e. when no secondary device is present on or in proximity to the charging surface), are distributed in two dimensions over the at least one charging area and subtend an angle of 45° or less to the charging area in proximity thereto (for example, less than the height or width of the charging area) and over any quarter length part of the charging area measured in a direction generally parallel to that of the field lines. The measurement of the field lines in this connection is to be understood as a measurement of the field lines when averaged over the quarter length of the charging area, rather than an instantaneous point measurement. In some embodiments, the field lines subtend an angle of 30° or less, and in some embodiments are substantially parallel to at least a central part of the charging area in question. This is in stark contrast to prior art systems, where the field lines tend to be substantially perpendicular to a surface of a primary unit. By generating electromagnetic fields that are more or less parallel to or at least have a significant resolved component parallel to the charging area, it is possible to control the field so as to cause angular variations thereof, in or parallel to the plane of the charging area, that help to avoid any stationary nulls in the electromagnetic field that would otherwise reduce charging efficiency in particular orientations of the secondary device on the charging surface. The direction of the field lines may be rotated through a complete or partial circle, in one or both directions. Alternatively, the direction may be caused to “wobble” or fluctuate, or may be switched between two or more directions. In more complex configurations, the direction of the field lines may vary as a Lissajous pattern or the like.

In some embodiments, the field lines may be substantially parallel to each other over any given charging area, or at least have resolved components in or parallel to the plane of the charging area that are substantially parallel to each other at any given moment in time.

It is to be appreciated that one means for generating an electromagnetic field may serve to provide a field for more than one charging area; also that more than one means may serve to provide a field for just one charging area In other words, there need not be a one-to-one correspondence of means for generating electromagnetic fields and charging areas.

The secondary device may adopt a substantially flat form factor with a core thickness of 2 mm or less. Using a material such as one or more amorphous metal sheets, it is possible to have core thickness down to 1 mm or less for applications where size and weight is important. See FIG. 7 a.

In a preferred embodiment, the primary unit may include a pair of conductors having adjacent coplanar windings which have mutually substantially parallel linear sections arranged so as to produce a substantially uniform electromagnetic field extending generally parallel to or subtending an angle of 45° or less to the plane of the windings but substantially at right angles to the parallel sections.

The windings in this embodiment may be formed in a generally spiral shape, comprising a series of turns having substantially parallel straight sections.

Advantageously, the primary unit may include first and second pairs of conductors which are superimposed in substantially parallel planes with the substantially parallel linear sections of the first pair arranged generally at right angles to the substantially parallel linear sections of the second pair, and further comprising a driving circuit which is arranged to drive them in such a way as to generate a resultant field which rotates in a plane substantially parallel to the planes of the windings.

According to a fifth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a system for transferring power in a contact-less manner consisting of:

-   -   a primary unit consisting of at least one electrical coil         whereby each coil features at least one active area whereby two         or more conductors are substantially distributed over this area         in such a fashion that it is possible for a secondary device to         be placed in proximity to a part of this active area where the         net instantaneous current flow in a particular direction is         substantially non-zero;     -   at least one secondary device consisting of conductors wound         around a high permeability core in such a fashion that it is         possible for it to be placed in proximity to an area of the         surface of the primary unit where the net instantaneous current         flow is substantially non-zero;         whereby the at least one secondary device is capable of         receiving power by means of electromagnetic induction when the         central axis of the winding is in proximity to the active area         of the primary unit, is substantially not perpendicular to the         plane of the active area of primary unit and is substantially         not parallel to the conductors in the active area of at least         one of the coils of the primary unit.

Where the secondary device comprises an inductively rechargeable battery or cell, the battery or cell may have a primary axis and be capable of being recharged by an alternating field flowing in the primary axis of the battery or cell, the battery or cell consisting of:

-   -   an enclosure and external electrical connections similar in         dimensions to industry-standard batteries or cells an         energy-storage means     -   an optional flux-concentrating means     -   a power-receiving means     -   a means of converting the received power to a form suitable for         delivery to outside the cell through the external electrical         connections, or to recharge the energy storage means, or both.

The proposed invention is a significant departure from the design of conventional inductive power transfer systems. The difference between conventional systems and the proposed system is best illustrated by looking at their respective magnetic flux line patterns. (See FIGS. 2 a and 4)

-   -   Conventional System: In a conventional system (See FIG. 2 a),         there is typically a planar primary coil which generates a         magnetic field with flux lines coming out of the plane in a         perpendicular fashion. The secondary device has typically a         rotund or square coil that encircles some or all of these flux         lines.     -   Proposed system: In the proposed system, the magnetic field         travels substantially horizontally across the surface of the         plane (see FIG. 4) instead of directly out of the plane as         illustrated in FIG. 2 a. The secondary device hence may have an         elongated winding wound around a magnetic core. See FIGS. 7 a         and 7 b. When the secondary device is placed on the primary         unit, the flux lines would be attracted to travel through the         magnetic core of the secondary device because it is the lowest         reluctance path. This causes the secondary device and the         primary unit to be coupled effectively. The secondary core and         winding may be substantially flattened to form a very thin         component.

In describing the invention, specific terminology will be resorted to for the sake of clarity. However, it is not intended that the invention be limited to the specific terms so selected and it is to be understood that each specific term includes all technical equivalents which operate in a similar manner to accomplish a similar purpose.

It is to be understood that the term “charging area” used in this patent application may refer to the area of the at least one means for generating a field (e.g. one or more conductors in the form of a coil) or an area formed by a combination of primary conductors where the secondary device can couple flux effectively. Some embodiments of this are shown in FIGS. 6 a to 6 l and 9 c as component 740. A feature of a “charging area” is a distribution of conductors over a significant area of the primary unit configured such that it is possible for the at least one means for generating a field to be driven to achieve an instantaneous net flow of flux in one direction. A primary unit may have more than one charging area. One charging area is distinct from another charging area when flux cannot be effectively coupled by the secondary device (such as those shown in FIG. 7 a) in any rotation at the boundary.

It is to be understood that the term “coil” used in this patent refers to all conductor configurations which feature a charging area as described above. This includes windings of wire or printed tracks or a plane as shown in FIG. 8 e. The conductors may be made of copper, gold, alloys or any other appropriate material.

The present application refers to the rotation of a secondary device in several places. It is to be clarified here that if a secondary device is rotated, the axis of rotation being referred to is the one perpendicular to the plane of the charging area.

This radical change in design overcomes a number of drawbacks of conventional systems. The benefits of the proposed invention include:

-   -   No need for accurate alignment: The secondary device can be         placed anywhere on a charging area of the primary unit;     -   Uniform coupling: In the proposed invention, the coupling         between the primary unit and secondary device is much more         uniform over the charging area compared to a conventional         primary and secondary coil. In a conventional large coil system         (see FIG. 2 a), the field strength dips to a minimum at the         centre of the coil, in the plane of the coil (see FIG. 2 b).         This implies that if sufficient power is to be effectively         transferred at the centre, the field strength at the minimum has         to be above a certain threshold. The field strength at the         maximum will then be excessively higher than the required         threshold and this may cause undesirable effects.     -   Universality: a number of different secondary devices, even         those having different power requirements, can be placed within         charging areas on the charging surface of the primary unit to         receive power simultaneously;     -   Increased coupling coefficiency: Optional high permeability         magnetic material present in the secondary device increases the         induced flux significantly by offering a low reluctance path.         This can significantly increase the power transfer.     -   Desirable form factor for secondary device: The geometry of the         system allows thin sheets of magnetic material (such as         amorphous metal ribbons) to be used. This means that secondary         devices can have the form factor of a thin sheet, making it         suitable to be incorporated at the back of mobile phones and         other electronic devices. If magnetic material was to be used in         the centre of conventional coils, it is likely to increase the         bulkiness of the secondary device.     -   Minimised field leakage: When one or more secondary devices are         present in the charging area of the primary unit, it is possible         to use magnetic material in such a way that more than half of         the magnetic circuit is low reluctance magnetic material (see         FIG. 4 d). This means that more flux flows for a given         magneto-motive force (mmf). As the induced voltage is         proportional to the rate of change of flux linked, this will         increase the power transfer to the secondary device. The fewer         and shorter the air gaps are in the magnetic circuit, the less         the field will fringe, the closer the flux is kept to the         surface of the primary unit and hence leakage is minimized.     -   Cost effectiveness: Unlike the multiple-coil design, this         solution requires a much simpler control system and fewer         components.     -   Free axial rotation of secondary device: If the secondary device         is thin or optionally even cylindrical (see FIG. 10), it may be         constructed such that it continues to couple well to the flux         regardless of its rotation about its longest axis. This may in         particular be an advantage if the secondary device is a battery         cell fitted within another device, when its axial rotation may         be difficult to control.     -   The magnetic core in the secondary device may be located near         other parallel planes of metal within or near the device, for         example a copper printed circuit board or aluminum cover. In         this case, the performance of embodiments of the present         invention is significantly better than that of a conventional         core-wound coil because the field lines through a conventional         device coil will suffer flux-exclusion if the coil is placed up         against the metal plane (because the lines of flux must travel         perpendicular to the plane of the coil). Since in embodiments of         the present invention the lines of flux travel along the plane         of the core, and therefore also of the metal plane, performance         is improved. An additional benefit is that the magnetic core in         a secondary device of embodiments of the present invention can         act as a shield between the electromagnetic field generated by         the primary unit and any items (e.g. electrical circuits,         battery cells) on the other side of the magnetic core.     -   Because its permeability is higher than that of air, the         magnetic core of the secondary device of embodiments of the         present invention acts to concentrate magnetic flux, thus         capturing more flux than would otherwise flow through an         equivalent cross-section of air. The size of the core's “shape         factor” (the equivalent flux-capturing sphere) is determined to         a first-order approximation by the longest planar dimension of         the core. Therefore if the core of the secondary device of         embodiments of the present invention has planar dimensions with         a significantly non-square aspect ratio, for example a 4:1         rectangle instead of a 1:1 square, it will capture         proportionally more of any flux travelling parallel to the         direction of its longest planar dimension. Therefore if used in         devices which have a constrained aspect ratio (for example a         long thin device such as a headset or pen), a significant         increase in performance will be experienced compared with that         of a conventional coil of the same area.

The primary unit typically consists of the following components. (See FIG. 5)

-   -   Power supply: This power supply converts mains voltage into a         lower voltage de supply. This is typically a conventional         transformer or a switch-mode power supply;     -   Control unit: The control unit serves the function of         maintaining the resonance of the circuit given that the         inductance of the means for generating a field changes with the         presence of secondary devices. To enable this function, the         control unit may be coupled to a sensing unit which feeds back         the current status of the circuit. It may also be coupled to a         library of capacitors which may be switched in and out as         required. If the means for generating a field requires more than         one driving circuit, the control unit may also coordinate the         parameters such as the phase difference or on/off times of         different driving circuits such that the desired effect is         achieved. It is also possible for the Q (quality factor) of the         system to be designed to function over a range of inductances         such that a need for the above control system is eliminated;     -   Driving circuit: The driving unit is controlled by the control         unit and drives a changing current through the means for         generating a field or a component of the means. More than one         driving circuit may be present depending on the number of         independent components in the means;     -   Means for generating an electromagnetic field: The means uses         current supplied from the driving circuits to generate         electromagnetic fields of predefined shapes and intensities. The         exact configuration of the means defines the shape and intensity         of the field generated. The means may include magnetic material         to act as flux guides and also one or more independently driven         components (windings), together forming the charging area. A         number of embodiment designs are possible and examples are shown         in FIGS. 6.     -   Sensing unit: The sensing unit retrieves and sends relevant data         to the control unit for interpretation.

The secondary device typically consists of the following components, as shown in FIG. 5.

-   -   Magnetic unit: the magnetic unit converts the energy stored in         the magnetic field generated by the primary unit back into         electrical energy. This is typically implemented by means of a         winding wound around a highly permeable magnetic core. The         largest dimension of the core typically coincides with the         central axis of the winding.     -   Conversion unit: the conversion unit converts the fluctuating         current received from the magnetic unit into a form that is         useful to the device that it is coupled to. For example, the         conversion unit may convert the fluctuating current into an         unregulated dc supply by means of a full-wave bridge rectifier         and smoothing capacitor. In other cases, the conversion unit may         be coupled to a heating element or a battery charger. There is         also typically a capacitor present either in parallel or in         series with the magnetic unit to form a resonant circuit at the         operating frequency of the primary unit.

In typical operation, one or more secondary devices are placed on top of the charging surface of the primary unit. The flux flows through the at least one conductor and/or core of the secondary devices present and current is induced. Depending on the configuration of the means for generating a field in the primary unit, the rotational orientation of the secondary device may affect the amount of flux coupled.

The Primary Unit

The primary unit may exist in many different forms, for example:

-   -   As a flat platform or pad which can sit on top of tables and         other flat surfaces;     -   Built in to furniture such as desks, tables, counters, chairs,         bookcases etc. such that the primary unit may not be visible;     -   As part of an enclosure such as a drawer, a box, a glove         compartment of a car, a container for power tools;     -   As a flat platform or pad which can be attached to a wall and         used vertically.

The primary unit may be powered from different sources, for example:

-   -   A mains AC power outlet     -   A vehicle lighter socket     -   Batteries     -   Fuel Cells     -   Solar Panel     -   Human power

The primary unit may be small enough such that only one secondary device may be accommodated on the charging surface in a single charging area, or may be large enough to accommodate many secondary devices simultaneously, sometimes in different charging areas.

The means for generating a field in the primary unit may be driven at mains frequency (50 Hz or 60 Hz) or at some higher frequency.

The sensing unit of the primary unit may sense the presence of secondary devices, the number of secondary devices present and even the presence of other magnetic material which is not part of a secondary device. This information may be used to control the current being delivered to the field generating means of the primary unit.

The primary unit and/or the secondary device may be substantially waterproof or explosion proof.

The primary unit and/or the secondary device may be hermetically sealed to standards such as IP66.

The primary unit may incorporate visual indicators (for example, but not limited to, light emitting devices, such as light emitting diodes, electrophosphorescent displays, light emitting polymers, or light reflecting devices, such as liquid crystal displays or MITs electronic paper) to indicate the current state of the primary unit, the presence of secondary devices or the number of secondary devices present or any combination of the above.

The Means for Generating an Electromagnetic Field

The field generating means as referred to in this application includes all configurations of conductors where:

-   -   The conductors are substantially distributed in the plane and;     -   Substantial areas of the plane exist where there is a non-zero         net instantaneous current flow. These are areas on which, given         the correct orientation, the secondary devices will couple         effectively and receive power. (See FIG. 6)     -   The conductors are capable of generating an electromagnetic         field where the field lines subtend an angle of 45° or less or         are substantially parallel to a substantial area of the plane.

FIGS. 6 illustrate some possibilities for such a primary conductor. Although most of the configurations are in fact coil windings, it is to be appreciated that the same effect can also be achieved with conductor planes which are not typically considered to be coils (See FIG. 6 e). These drawings are typical examples and are non-exhaustive. These conductors or coils may be used in combination such that the secondary device can couple effectively in all rotations whilst on the charging area(s) of the primary unit.

Magnetic Material

It is possible to use magnetic materials in the primary unit to enhance performance.

-   -   Magnetic material may be placed below one or more charging areas         or the entire charging surface such that there is also a low         reluctance path on the underside of the conductors for the flux         to complete its path. According to theory, an analogy can be         drawn between magnetic circuits and electrical circuits. Voltage         is analogous to magneto-motive force (mmf), resistance is         analogous to reluctance and current is analogous to flux. From         this, it can be seen that for a given mmf, flux flow will         increase if the reluctance of the path is decreased. By         providing magnetic material to the underside of the charging         area, the reluctance of the magnetic circuit is essentially         decreased. This substantially increases the flux linked by the         secondary device and ultimately increases the power transferred.         FIG. 4 d illustrates a sheet of magnetic material placed         underneath the charging area and the resulting magnetic circuit.     -   Magnetic material may also be placed above the charging surface         and/or charging area(s) and below the secondary devices to act         as a flux guide. This flux guide performs two functions:         Firstly, the reluctance of the whole magnetic circuit is further         decreased allowing more flux to flow. Secondly, it provides a         low reluctance path along the top surface of the charging         area(s) so the flux lines will flow through these flux guides in         favour of flowing through the air. Hence this has the effect of         containing the field close to the charging surface of the         primary unit instead of in the air. The magnetic material used         for flux guides may be strategically or deliberately chosen to         have different magnetic properties to the magnetic core (where         provided) of the secondary device. For example, a material with         lower permeability and higher saturation may be chosen. High         saturation means that the material can carry more flux and the         lower permeability means that when a secondary device is in         proximity, a significant amount of flux would then choose to         travel through the secondary device in favour of the flux guide.         (See FIGS. 8)     -   In some configurations of the primary unit field generating         means, there may be conductors present that do not form part of         the charging area, such as the component marked 745 in FIGS. 6 a         and 6 b. In such cases, one may wish to use magnetic material to         shield the effects of these conductors.     -   Examples of some materials which may be used include but are not         limited to: amorphous metal (metallic glass alloys such as         MetGla™), mesh of wires made of magnetic material, steel,         ferrite cores, mumetal and permalloy.         The Secondary Device

The secondary device may take a variety of shapes and forms. Generally, in order for good flux linkage, a central axis of the conductor (for example, a coil winding) should be substantially non-perpendicular to the charging area(s).

-   -   The secondary device may be in the shape of a flattened winding.         (See FIG. 7 a) The magnetic core inside can consist of sheets of         magnetic material such as amorphous metals. This geometry allows         the secondary device to be incorporated at the back of         electronic devices such as mobile phones, personal digital         assistants and laptops without adding bulk to the device.     -   The secondary device may be in the shape of a long cylinder. A         long cylindrical core could be wound with conductors (See FIG. 7         b).     -   The secondary device may be an object with magnetic material         wrapped around it. An example is a standard-sized (AA, AAA,         C, D) or other sized/shaped (e.g. dedicated/customised for         particular applications) rechargeable battery cell with for         example magnetic material wrapped around the cylinder and         windings around the cylindrical body.     -   The secondary device may be a combination of two or more of the         above. The above embodiments may even be combined with a         conventional coil.

The following non-exhaustive list illustrates some examples of objects that can be coupled to a secondary device to receive power. Possibilities are not limited to those described below:

-   -   A mobile communication device, for example a radio, mobile         telephone or walkie-talkie;     -   A portable computing device, for example a personal digital         assistant or palmtop or laptop computer;     -   Portable entertainment devices, for example a music player,         games console or toy;     -   Personal care items, for example a toothbrush, shaver, hair         curler, hair rollers;     -   A portable imaging device, for example a video camcorder or a         camera;     -   Containers of contents that may require heating, for example         coffee mugs, plates, cooking pots, nail-polish and cosmetic         containers;     -   Consumer devices, for example torches, clocks and fans;     -   Power tools, for example cordless drills and screwdrivers;     -   Wireless peripheral devices, for example wireless computer         mouse, keyboard and headset;     -   Time keeping devices, for example clock, wrist watch, stop watch         and alarm clock;     -   A battery-pack for insertion into any of the above;     -   A standard-sized battery cell.

In the case of unintelligent secondary devices such as a battery cell, some sophisticated charge-control means may also be necessary to meter inductive power to the cell and to deal with situations where multiple cells in a device have different charge states. Furthermore, it becomes more important for the primary unit to be able to indicate a “charged” condition, since the secondary cell or battery may not be easily visible when located inside another electrical device.

A possible system comprising an inductively rechargeable battery or cell and a primary unit is shown in FIG. 10. In addition to the freedom to place the battery 920 freely in (X,Y) and optionally rotate it in rZ, relative to the primary unit 910, the battery can also be rotated along its axis rA while continuing to receive power.

When a user inserts a battery into a portable device, it is not easy to ensure that it has any given axial rotation. Therefore, embodiments of the present invention are highly advantageous because they can ensure that the battery can receive power while in any random orientation about rA.

The battery or cell may include a flux concentrating means that may be arranged in a variety of ways:

-   -   1. As shown in FIG. 11 a, a cell 930 may be wrapped in a         cylinder of flux-concentrating material 931, around which is         wrapped a coil of wire 932.         -   a. The cylinder may be long or short relative to the length             of the cell.     -   2. As shown in FIG. 11 b, a cell 930 may have a portion of         flux-concentrating material 931 on its surface, around which is         wrapped a coil of wire 932.         -   a. The portion may be conformed to the surface of the cell,             or embedded within it.         -   b. Its area may be large or small relative to the             circumference of the cell, and long or short relative to the             length of the cell.     -   3. As shown in FIG. 11 c, a cell 930 may contain a portion of         flux-concentrating material 931 within it, around which is         wrapped a coil of wire 932.         -   a. The portion may be substantially flat, cylindrical,             rod-like, or any other shape.         -   b. Its width may be large or small relative to the diameter             of the cell         -   c. Its length may be large or small relative to the length             of the cell

In any of these cases, the flux-concentrator may be a functional part of the battery enclosure (for example, an outer zinc electrode) or the battery itself (for example, an inner electrode).

Issues relating to charging of secondary cells (e.g. AA rechargeable cells in-situ within an appliance include:

-   -   Terminal voltage could be higher than normal.     -   Cells in series may behave strangely, particularly in situations         where some cells are charged, others not.     -   Having to provide enough power to run the device and charge the         cell.     -   If fast-charging is effected incorrectly, the cells may be         damaged.

Accordingly, some sophisticated charge-control means to meter inductive power to the appliance and the cell is advantageously provided. Furthermore, it becomes more important for the primary unit to be able to indicate a “charged” condition, since the secondary cell or battery may not be easily visible when located inside an electrical device.

A cell or battery enabled in this fashion may be charged whilst fitted in another device, by placing the device onto the primary unit, or whilst outside the device by placing the cell or battery directly onto the primary unit.

Batteries enabled in this fashion may be arranged in packs of cells as in typical devices (e.g. end-to-end or side-by-side), allowing a single pack to replace a set of cells.

Alternatively, the secondary device may consist of a flat “adapter” which fits over the batteries in a device, with thin electrodes which force down between the battery electrodes and the device contacts.

Rotating Electromagnetic Field

In the coils such as those in FIG. 6, 9 a and 9 b, the secondary devices will generally only couple effectively when the windings are placed substantially parallel to the direction of net current flow in the primary conductor as shown by the arrow 1. In some applications, one might require a primary unit which will transfer power effectively to secondary devices regardless of their rotation as long as:

-   -   the central axis of the secondary conductor is not perpendicular         to the plane and;     -   the secondary device is in close proximity to the primary unit

To enable this, it is possible to have two coils, for example one positioned on top of the other or one woven into or otherwise associated with the other, the second coil capable of generating a net current flow substantially perpendicular to the direction of the first coil at any point in the active area of the primary unit. These two coils may be driven alternately such that each is activated for a certain period of time. Another possibility is to drive the two coils in quadrature such that a rotating magnetic dipole is generated in the plane. This is illustrated in FIG. 9. This is also possible with other combinations of coil configurations.

Resonant Circuits

It is known in the art to drive coils using parallel or series resonant circuits. In series resonant circuits for example, the impedance of the coil and the capacitor are equal and opposite at resonance, hence the total impedance of the circuit is minimised and a maximum current flows through the primary coil. The secondary device is typically also tuned to the operating frequency to maximise the induced voltage or current.

In some systems like the electric toothbrush, it is common to have a circuit which is detuned when the secondary device is not present and tuned when the secondary device is in place. The magnetic material present in the secondary device shifts the self-inductance of the primary unit and brings the circuit into resonance. In other systems like passive radio tags, there is no magnetic material in the secondary device and hence does not affect the resonant frequency of the system. These tags are also typically small and used far from the primary unit such that even if magnetic material is present, the inductance of the primary is not significantly changed.

In the proposed system, this is not the case:

-   -   High permeability magnetic material may be present in the         secondary device and is used in close proximity to the primary         unit;     -   One or more secondary devices may be brought in close proximity         to the primary unit simultaneously.

This has the effect of shifting the inductance of the primary significantly and also to different levels depending on the number of secondary devices present on the pad. When the inductance of the primary unit is shifted, the capacitance required for the circuit to resonant at a particular frequency also changes. There are three methods for keeping the circuit at resonance:

-   -   By means of a control system to dynamically change the operating         frequency;     -   By means of a control system to dynamically change the         capacitance such that resonance is achieved at the predefined         frequency;     -   By means of a low Q system where the system remains in resonance         over a range of inductances.

The problem with changing the operating frequency is that the secondary devices are typically configured to resonate at a predefined frequency. If the operating frequency changes, the secondary device would be detuned. To overcome this problem, it is possible to change the capacitance instead of the operating frequency. The secondary devices can be designed such that each additional device placed in proximity to the primary unit will shift the inductance to a quantised level such that an appropriate capacitor can be switched in to make the circuit resonate at a predetermined frequency. Because of this shift in resonant frequency, the number of devices on the charging surface can be detected and the primary unit can also sense when something is brought near or taken away from the charging surface. If a magnetically permeable object other than a valid secondary device is placed in the vicinity of the charging surface, it is unlikely to shift the system to the predefined quantised level. In such circumstances, the system could automatically detune and reduce the current flowing into the coil.

For a better understanding of the present invention and to show how it may be carried into effect, reference shall now be made, by way of example only, to the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 shows the magnetic design of typical prior art contact-less power transfer systems which require accurate alignment of the primary unit and secondary device;

FIG. 2 a shows the magnetic design of another typical prior art contact-less power transfer system which involves a large coil in the primary unit;

FIG. 2 b shows the non-uniform field distribution inside the large coil at 5 mm distance from the plane of the coil, exhibiting a minimum in the centre;

FIG. 3 shows a multiple-coil system where each coil is independently driven such that a localised field can be generated.

FIG. 4 a shows an embodiment of the proposed system which demonstrates a substantial departure from prior art with no secondary devices present;

FIG. 4 b shows an embodiment of the proposed system with two secondary devices present;

FIG. 4 c shows a cross section of the active area of the primary unit and the contour lines of the magnetic flux density generated by the conductors.

FIG. 4 d shows the magnetic circuit for this particular embodiment of the proposed invention;

FIG. 5 shows a schematic drawing of an embodiment of the primary unit and the secondary device;

FIG. 6 a to 6 l show some alternative embodiment designs for the field generating means or a component of the field generating means of the primary unit;

FIGS. 7 a and 7 b show some possible designs for the magnetic unit of the secondary device;

FIGS. 8 shows the effect of flux guides (the thickness of the flux guide has been exaggerated for clarity);

FIG. 5 a shows that without flux guides, the field tends to fringe into the air directly above the active area;

FIG. 5 b shows the direction of current flow in the conductors in this particular embodiment;

FIG. 8 c shows that the flux is contained within the flux guides when magnetic material is placed on top of the charging area;

FIG. 8 d shows a secondary device on top of the primary unit;

FIG. 8 e shows a cross section of the primary unit without any secondary devices;

FIG. 5 f shows a cross section of the primary unit with a secondary device on top and demonstrates the effect of using a secondary core with higher permeability than the flux guide.

FIG. 9 a shows a particular coil arrangement with a net instantaneous current flow shown by the direction of the arrow;

FIG. 9 b shows a similar coil arrangement to FIG. 9 a except rotated by 90 degrees;

FIG. 9 c shows the charging area of the primary unit if the coil of FIG. 9 a is placed on top of FIG. 9 b. If the coil in FIG. 9 a is driven in quadrature to FIG. 9 b, the effect is a rotating magnetic dipole shown here;

FIG. 10 shows the case where the secondary device has an axial degree of rotation;

FIG. 11 shows various arrangements of secondary devices with axial degrees of rotation;

FIG. 12 a and FIG. 12 b show another embodiment of the type of coil arrangement shown in FIG. 9 a and FIG. 9 b; and

FIG. 13 shows a simple embodiment of driving unit electronics.

Referring firstly to FIG. 1, there is shown two examples of prior art contact-less power transfer systems which both require accurate alignment of a primary unit and a secondary device. This embodiment is typically used in electric toothbrush or mobile phone chargers.

FIG. 1 a shows a primary magnetic unit 100 and a secondary magnetic unit 200. On the primary side, a coil 110 is wound around a magnetic core 120 such as ferrite. Similarly, the secondary side consists of a coil 210 wound around another magnetic core 220. In operation, an alternating current flows in to the primary coil 110 and generates lines of flux 1. When a secondary magnetic unit 200 is placed such that it is axially aligned with the primary magnetic unit 100, the flux 1 will couple from the primary into the secondary, inducing a voltage across the secondary coil 210.

FIG. 1 b shows a split transformer. The primary magnetic unit 300 consists of a U-shaped core 320 with a coil 310 wound around it. When alternating current flows into the primary coil 310, changing lines of flux are generated 1. The secondary magnetic unit 400 consists of a second U-shaped core 420 with another coil 410 wound around it. When the secondary magnetic unit 400 is placed on the primary magnetic unit 300 such that the arms of the two U-shaped cores are in alignment, the flux will couple effectively into the core of the secondary 420 and induce voltage across the secondary coil 410.

FIG. 2 a is another embodiment of prior art inductive systems typically used in powering radio frequency passive tags. The primary typically consists of a coil 510 covering a large area. Multiple secondary devices 520 will have voltage induced therein when they are within the area encircled by the primary coil 510. This system does not require the secondary coil 520 to be accurately aligned with the primary coil 510. FIG. 2 b shows a graph of the magnitude of magnetic flux intensity across the area encircled by the primary coil 510 at 5 mm above the plane of the primary coil. It shows a non-uniform field, which exhibits a minimum 530 at the centre of the primary coil 510.

FIG. 3 is another embodiment of a prior art inductive system wherein a multiple coil array is used. The primary magnetic unit 600 consists of an array of coils including coils 611, 612, 613. The secondary magnetic unit 700 may consist of a coil 710. When the secondary magnetic unit 700 is in proximity to some coils in the primary magnetic unit 600, the coils 611, 612 are activated while other coils such as 613 remain inactive. The activated coils 611, 612 generate flux, some of which will couple into the secondary magnetic unit 700.

FIG. 4 shows an embodiment of the proposed invention. FIG. 4 a shows a primary coil 710 wound or printed in such a fashion that there is a net instantaneous current flow within the active area 740. For example, if a dc current flows through the primary coil 710, the conductors in the active area 740 would all have current flowing in the same direction. Current flowing through the primary coil 710 generates flux 1. A layer of magnetic material 730 is present beneath the charging area to provide a return path for the flux. FIG. 4 b shows the same primary magnetic unit as shown in FIG. 4 a with two secondary devices 800 present. When the secondary devices 800 are placed in the correct orientation on top of the charging area 740 of the primary magnetic unit, the flux 1 will flow through the magnetic core of the secondary devices 800 instead of flowing through the air. The flux 1 flowing through the secondary core would hence induce current in the secondary coil.

FIG. 4 c shows some contour lines for the flux density of the magnetic field generated by the conductors 711 in the charging area 740 of the primary magnetic unit. There is a layer of magnetic material 730 beneath the conductors to provide a low reluctance return path for the flux.

FIG. 4 d shows a cross-section of the charging area 740 of the primary magnetic unit. A possible path for the magnetic circuit is shown. The magnetic material 730 provides a low reluctance path for the circuit and also the magnetic core 820 of the secondary magnetic device 800 also provides a low reluctance path. This minimizes the distance the flux has to travel through the air and hence minimizes leakage.

FIG. 5 shows a schematic drawing of an embodiment of the whole system of the proposed invention. In this embodiment, the primary unit consists of a power supply 760, a control unit 770, a sensing unit 780 and an electromagnetic unit 700. The power supply 760 converts the mains (or other sources of power) into a dc supply at an appropriate voltage for the system. The control unit 770 controls the driving unit 790 which drives the magnetic unit 700. In this embodiment, the magnetic unit consists of two independently driven components, coil 1 and coil 2, arranged such that the conductors in the charging area of coil 1 would be perpendicular to the conductors in the charging area of coil 2. When the primary unit is activated, the control unit causes a 90-degree phase shift between the alternating current that flows through coil 1 and coil 2. This creates a rotating magnetic dipole on the surface of the primary magnetic unit 700 such that a secondary device is able to receive power regardless of its rotational orientation (See FIG. 9). In standby mode where no secondary devices are present, the primary unit is detuned and current flow into the magnetic unit 700 is minimised. When a secondary device is placed on top of the charging area of the primary unit, the inductance of the primary magnetic unit 700 is changed. This brings the primary circuit into resonance and the current flow is maximised. When there are two secondary devices present on the primary unit, the inductance is changed to yet another level and the primary circuit is again detuned. At this point, the control unit 770 uses feedback from the sensing unit 780 to switch another capacitor into the circuit such that it is tuned again and current flow is maximised. In this embodiment, the secondary devices are of a standard size and a maximum of six standard-sized devices can receive power from the primary unit simultaneously. Due to the standard sizes of the secondary devices, the change in inductance due to the change in secondary devices in proximity is quantized to a number of predefined levels such that only a maximum of 6 capacitances is required to keep the system operating at resonance.

FIGS. 6 a to 6 l show a number of different embodiments for the coil component of the primary magnetic unit. These embodiments may be implemented as the only coil component of the primary magnetic unit, in which case the rotation of the secondary device is important to the power transfer. These embodiments may also be implemented in combination, not excluding embodiments which are not illustrated here. For example, two coils illustrated in FIG. 6 a may be placed at 90 degrees to each other to form a single magnetic unit. In FIGS. 6 a to 6 e, the charging area 740 consists of a series of conductors with net current generally flowing in the same direction. In certain configurations, such as FIG. 6 c, there is no substantial linkage when the secondary device is placed directly over the centre of the coil and hence power is not transferred. In FIG. 6 d, there is no substantial linkage when the secondary device is positioned in the gap between the two charging areas 740.

FIG. 6 f shows a specific coil configuration for the primary unit adapted to generate electromagnetic field lines substantially parallel to a surface of the primary unit within the charging area 740. Two priinary windings 710, one on either side of the charging area 740, are formed about opposing arms of a generally rectangular flux guide 750 made out of a magnetic material, the primary windings 710 generating opposing electromagnetic fields. The flux guide 750 contains the electromagnetic fields and creates a magnetic dipole across the charging area 740 in the direction of the arrows indicated on the Figure. When a secondary device is placed in the charging area 740 in a predetermined orientation, a low reluctance path is created and flux flows through the secondary device, causing effective coupling and power transfer. It is to be appreciated that the flux guide 750 need not be continuous, and may in fact be formed as two opposed and non-linlced horseshoe components.

FIG. 6 g shows another possible coil configuration for the primary unit, the coil configuration being adapted to generate electromagnetic field lines substantially parallel to the charging surface of the primary unit within the charging area 740. A primary winding 710 is wound around a magnetic core 750 which may be ferrite or some other suitable material. The charging area 740 includes a series of conductors with instantaneous net current generally flowing in the same direction. The coil configuration of FIG. 6 g is in fact capable of supporting or defining a charging area 740 on both upper and lower faces as shown in the drawing, and depending on the design of the primary unit, one or both of the charging areas may be made available to secondary devices.

FIG. 6 h shows a variation of the configuration of FIG. 6 g. Instead of the primary windings 710 being evenly spaced as in FIG. 6 g, the windings 710 are not evenly spaced. The spacing and variations therein can be selected or designed so as to provide improved uniformity of performance or field strength levels over the charging area 740.

FIG. 6 i shows an embodiment in which two primary windings 710 as shown in FIG. 6 g are located in a mutually orthogonal configuration so as to enable a direction of the field lines to be dynamically switched or rotated to other orientations about the plane of the charging surface.

FIGS. 6 j and 6 k show additional two-coil configurations for the primary unit which are not simple geometric shapes with substantially parallel conductors.

In FIG. 6 j, line 710 indicates one of a set of current-carrying conductors lying in the plane of the charging surface 600. The shape of the main conductor 710 is arbitrary and need not be a regular geometric figure—indeed, conductor 710 may have straight and curved sections and may intersect with itself. One or more subsidiary conductors 719 are arranged alongside and generally parallel (at any given local point) to the main conductor 710 (only two subsidiary conductors 719 are shown here for clarity). Current flow in subsidiary conductors 719 will be in the same direction as in the main conductor 710. The subsidiary conductors 719 may be connected in series or parallel so as to form a single coil arrangement.

In FIG. 6 k, a set of current-carrying conductors 720 (only some of which are shown for clarity) is arranged in the plane of the charging surface 600. A main conductor 710 is provided as in FIG. 6 j, and the conductors 720 are each arranged so as to be locally orthogonal to the main conductor 710. The conductors 720 may be connected in series or parallel so as to form a single coil arrangement. If a first sinusoidal current is fed into the conductor 710, and a second sinusoidal current having a 90° phase shift relative to the first current is fed into the coil 720, then by varying the relative proportions and signs of the two currents a direction of a resultant electromagnetic field vector at most points on the charging area 740 will be seen to rotate through 360°.

FIG. 6 l shows yet another alternative arrangement in which the magnetic core 750 is in the shape of a round disc with a hole in the centre. The first set of current carrying conductors 710 is arranged in a spiral shape on the surface of the round disc. The second set of conductors 720 is wound in a toroidal format through the centre of the disc and out to the perimeter in a radial fashion. These conductors can be driven in such a way, for example with sinusoidal currents at quadrature, that when a secondary device is placed at any point inside the charging area 740 and rotated about an axis perpendicular to the charging area, no nulls are observed by the secondary device.

FIGS. 7 a and 7 b are embodiments of the proposed secondary devices. A winding 810 is wound around a magnetic core 820. Two of these may be combined in a single secondary device, at right angles for example, such that the secondary device is able to effectively couple with the primary unit at all rotations. These may also be combined with standard coils, as the ones shown in FIG. 2 a. 520 to eliminate dead spots.

FIG. 8 shows the effect of flux guides 750 positioned on top of the charging area. The thickness of the material has been exaggerated for the sake of clarity but in reality would be in the order of millimetres thick. The flux guides 750 will minimize leakage and contain the flux at the expense of reducing the amount of flux coupled to the secondary device. In FIG. 8 a, a primary magnetic unit is shown without flux guides 750. The field will tend to fringe into the air directly above the charging area. With flux guides 750, as shown in FIG. 5 b to 5 f, the flux is contained within the plane of the material and leakage is minimised. In FIG. 8 e, when there is no secondary device 800 on top, the flux remains in the flux guide 750. In FIG. 8 f, when a secondary device 800 is present with a relatively more permeable material as the core, part of the flux will flow via the secondary device. The permeability of the flux guide 750 can be chosen such that it is higher than that of typical metals such as steel. When other materials such as steel, which are not part of secondary devices 800, are placed on top, most of the flux will remain in the flux guide 750 instead of travelling through the object. The flux guide 750 may not be a continuous layer of magnetic material but may have small air gaps in them to encourage more flux flow into the secondary device 800 when it is present.

FIG. 9 shows an embodiment of a primary unit whereby more than one coil is used. FIG. 9 a shows a coil 710 with a charging area 740 with current flow parallel to the direction of the arrow 2. FIG. 9 b shows a similar coil arranged at 90 degrees to the one in FIG. 9 a. When these two coils are placed on top of each other such that the charging area 740 overlaps, the charging area will look like the illustration in FIG. 9 c. Such an embodiment would allow the secondary device to be at any rotation on top of the primary unit and couple effectively.

FIG. 10 shows an embodiment where the secondary device has an axial degree of rotation, for example where it is, or is embedded within, a battery cell. In this embodiment the secondary device may be constructed such that it couples to the primary flux when in any axial rotation (rA) relative to the primary unit (910), as well as having the same degrees of freedom described above (i.e. translational (X,Y) and optionally rotational perpendicular to the plane of the primary (rZ)).

FIG. 11 a shows one arrangement where a rechargeable battery cell 930 is wrapped with an optional cylinder of flux-concentrating material 931 which is itself wound with copper wire 932. The cylinder may be long or short relative to the length of the cell.

FIG. 11 b shows another arrangement where the flux-concentrating material 931 covers only part of the surface of the cell 930, and has copper wire 932 wrapped around it (but not the cell). The material and wire may be conformed to the surface of the cell. Their area may be large or small relative to the circumference of the cell, and long or short relative to the length of the cell.

FIG. 11 c shows another arrangement where the flux-concentrating material 931 is embedded within the cell 930 and has copper wire 932 wrapped around it. The material may be substantially flat, cylindrical, rod-like, or any other shape, its width may be large or small relative to the diameter of the cell, and its length may be large or small relative to the length of the cell.

In any case shown in FIGS. 10 and 11, any flux-concentrating material may also be a functional part of the battery enclosure (for example, an outer zinc electrode) or the battery itself (for example, an inner electrode).

In any case shown in FIGS. 10 and 11, the power may be stored in a smaller standard cell (e.g. AAA size) fitted within the larger standard cell enclosure (e.g. AA).

FIG. 12 shows an embodiment of a primary unit similar to that shown in FIG. 9. FIG. 12 a shows a coil generating a field in a direction horizontal to the page, FIG. 12 b shows another coil generating a field vertical to the page, and the two coils would be mounted in a substantially coplanar fashion, possibly with one above the other, or even intertwined in some fashion. The wire connections to each coil are shown 940 and the charging area is represented by the arrows 941.

FIG. 13 shows a simple embodiment of the Driving Unit (790 of FIG. 5). In this embodiment there is no Control Unit. The PIC processor 960 generates two 23.8 kHz square waves 90 degrees out of phase with one another. These are amplified by components 961 and driven into two coil components 962, which are the same magnetic units shown in FIG. 12 a and FIG. 12 b. Although the driving unit is providing square waves, the high resonant “Q” of the magnetic units shapes this into a sinusoidal waveform.

The preferred features of the invention are applicable to all aspects of the invention and may be used in any possible combination.

Throughout the description and claims of this specification, the words “comprise” and “contain” and variations of the words, for example “comprising” and “comprises”, mean “including but not limited to”, and are not intended to (and do not) exclude other components, integers, moieties, additives or steps. 

1-76. (canceled)
 77. A system for transferring power without requiring direct electrical conductive contacts, the system comprising: a power transfer surface shaped and arranged such that a secondary device can be placed in a working disposition on or in proximity to the surface to receive power when the system is in use; a primary unit having a field generator, distributed in two dimensions across a generating area at or substantially parallel to said power transfer surface, and operable to generate an electromagnetic field over a power transfer area of said surface within which area the secondary device can couple flux effectively when in its said working disposition and which area is not substantially smaller than said generating area; and a secondary device separable from the primary unit and including at least one electrical conductor with which the electromagnetic field generated by the field generator couples and induces a current to flow in the conductor when the secondary device is in said working disposition; wherein the field generator is configured such that, when a predetermined current is supplied thereto and the primary unit is effectively in electromagnetic isolation, field lines of the electromagnetic field generated by the field generator are distributed in two dimensions over said power transfer area and, when considering the angles subtended by the field lines to a measurement plane that is parallel to the power transfer surface and is at the same distance therefrom as the secondary device when that device is in its said working disposition, an average of said angles over any quarter length part of said power transfer area, measured parallel to the direction of the field lines, is 45° or less.
 78. A system as claimed in claim 77, wherein said secondary device is carried in or by an object requiring power and can receive power from the primary unit when said object is placed on or in proximity to said power transfer surface so that the carried secondary device has its said working disposition.
 79. A system as claimed in claim 77, wherein said secondary device is carried in or by a rechargeable battery or cell fitted, or adapted to be fitted, into an object requiring power.
 80. A system as claimed in claim 79, wherein, when said battery or cell is fitted into said object and said object is placed on or in proximity to said power transfer surface so that said secondary device has its said working disposition, the battery or cell can be recharged without removing it from said object.
 81. A system as claimed in claim 78, wherein said object is a portable electrical or electronic device.
 82. A system as claimed in claim 78, wherein said object is a mobile communication device.
 83. A system as claimed in claim 77, wherein said primary unit is incorporated in an item of furniture having a surface which provides said power transfer surface.
 84. A system as claimed in claim 77, wherein the at least one conductor in the secondary device is wound about a core that serves to concentrate flux therein.
 85. A system as claimed in claim 84, wherein the core is formed as a flexible ribbon.
 86. A system as claimed in claim 84, wherein a thickness of said core is 2 mm or less.
 87. A system as claimed in claim 77, wherein the secondary device has a substantially laminar form factor.
 88. A system as claimed in claim 77, wherein the secondary device has a primary axis and couples with the electromagnetic field when located on or in proximity to the power transfer area in any rotation about its axis.
 89. A system as claimed in claim 77, wherein the secondary device comprises a coil which provides said at least one conductor and which is arranged such that a central axis of the coil is substantially non-perpendicular to the power transfer area when the secondary device is in its said working disposition.
 90. A system as claimed in claim 84, wherein said core is arranged such that a longitudinal axis thereof is substantially non-perpendicular to the power transfer area when the secondary device is in its said working disposition.
 91. A primary unit for use in a power transfer system having a power transfer surface shaped and arranged such that a secondary device, separable from the primary unit, can be placed in a working disposition on or in proximity to the surface to receive power from the primary unit without requiring direct electrical conductive contacts between the primary unit and the secondary device, which primary unit comprises: a field generator, distributed in two dimensions across a generating area at or substantially parallel to said power transfer surface, and operable to generate an electromagnetic field over a power transfer area of said surface within which area the secondary device can couple flux effectively when in its said working disposition and which area is not substantially smaller than said generating area; wherein the field generator is configured such that, when a predetermined current is supplied thereto and the primary unit is effectively in electromagnetic isolation, field lines of the electromagnetic field generated by the field generator are distributed in two dimensions over said power transfer area and, when considering the angles subtended by the field lines to a measurement plane that is parallel to the power transfer surface and is at the same distance therefrom as the secondary device when that device is in its said working disposition, an average of said angles over any quarter length part of the power transfer area, measured parallel to the direction of the field lines, is 45° or less.
 92. A primary unit, as claimed in claim 91, wherein said power transfer area is substantially coextensive with said generating area.
 93. A primary unit as claimed in claim 91, in the form of a flat platform having a main face which provides said power transfer surface.
 94. A primary unit as claimed in claim 91, wherein said power transfer surface is substantially planar.
 95. A primary unit as claimed in claim 91, wherein said power transfer surface is curved.
 96. A primary unit as claimed in claim 91, wherein said field generator comprises at least one electrical conductor that is distributed in two dimensions at or substantially parallel to the power transfer surface.
 97. A primary unit as claimed in claims 91, wherein said field generator comprises at least one electrical conductor wound onto at least part of a magnetically permeable former that is distributed in two dimensions at or substantially parallel to the power transfer surface.
 98. A primary unit as claimed in claim 91, wherein said field generator includes a plurality of conductors and the primary unit has a driving unit which drives the plurality of conductors so as to cause a directional component of the electromagnetic field lines, resolved onto the power transfer area, to be changed over time.
 99. A primary unit as claimed in claim 98, wherein the driving means is operable to drive the plurality of conductors so as to cause the resolved directional component of the field lines to be rotated.
 100. A primary unit as claimed in claim 91, wherein the field lines over said power transfer area are substantially parallel to each other when projected onto the power transfer area.
 101. A primary unit as claimed in claim 91, wherein an instantaneous net flow of current in said field generator when energized is in substantially one direction.
 102. A primary unit as claimed in claim 91, wherein said power transfer area is provided with a substrate of a magnetic material.
 103. A primary unit as claimed in claim 91, having two or more such power transfer areas in different parts of the power transfer surface.
 104. A primary unit as claimed in claim 91, wherein said electromagnetic field generated by said field generator is such that the secondary device can couple flux effectively when placed in its said working disposition anywhere with a perimeter of said power transfer area.
 105. A method of transferring power from a primary unit to a secondary device, separable from the primary unit, without requiring direct electrical conductive contacts between the primary unit and the secondary device, the method comprising: generating an electromagnetic field over a power transfer area of a power transfer surface using a field generator distributed in two dimensions across a generating area at or substantially parallel to said power transfer surface, the power transfer surface being shaped and arranged such that the secondary device can be placed in a working disposition on or in proximity to the power transfer surface to receive power from the primary unit, and the power transfer area being an area of said surface within which the secondary device can couple flux effectively when in its said working disposition and being not substantially smaller than said generating area, and said field being such that, when the primary unit is effectively in electromagnetic isolation, field lines of the field are distributed in two dimensions over said power transfer area and, when considering the angles subtended by the field lines to a measurement plane that is parallel to the power transfer surface and is at the same distance therefrom as the secondary device when that device is in its said working disposition, an average of said angles over any quarter length part of the power transfer area, measured parallel to the direction of the field lines, is 45° or less; and placing such a secondary device in said working disposition so that the electromagnetic field couples with at least one electrical conductor of said secondary device and induces a current to flow therein.
 106. A primary unit for use in a power transfer system having a power transfer surface shaped and arranged such that a secondary device, separable from the primary unit, can be placed in a working disposition on or in proximity to a power transfer area of the surface to receive power from the primary unit without requiring direct electrical conductive contacts between the primary unit and the secondary device, the primary unit comprising: a field generator having a plurality of substantially coplanar conductive elements arranged at or beneath the power transfer surface in a generating area, which elements extend generally in parallel with one another across said generating area, and which generate an electromagnetic field distributed across the power transfer area, wherein the conductive elements have a mutual spacing sufficiently small that the secondary device overlaps two or more of the conductive elements when in its said working disposition, and the respective instantaneous currents which flow simultaneously through all the conductive elements in said generating area have the same general direction.
 107. A primary unit as claimed in claim 106, wherein said conductive elements in said generating area are substantially straight.
 108. A primary unit as claimed in claim 106, wherein at least one pair of adjacent conductive elements has a mutual spacing different from that of another pair of adjacent conductive elements.
 109. A primary unit as claimed in claim 106, wherein a variation between the respective mutual spacings of different pairs of adjacent conductive elements is such as to provide improved uniformity of field strength levels across the power transfer area as compared to an arrangement having evenly-spaced conductive elements.
 110. A primary unit as claimed in claim 106, wherein field lines of said field are generally parallel to said power transfer surface at least over a central part of said power transfer area.
 111. A primary unit as claimed in claim 106, wherein there are no substantial discontinuities in the power transfer area, where the secondary device cannot be placed to receive power, from one side of the area to the other in two dimensions.
 112. A primary unit as claimed in claim 106, further comprising a magnetic core across which the conductive elements extend.
 113. A primary unit as claimed in claim 106, wherein two or more of the plurality of conductive elements are different parts of the same coil.
 114. A primary unit as claimed in claim 106, wherein the plurality of conductive elements are conductive tracks formed on a planar surface.
 115. A primary unit as claimed in claim 106, having further conductive elements outside said generating area which are connected to said conductive elements within said generating area, the currents flowing through said further conductive elements being generally in the opposite direction to the direction through which currents flow through the conductive elements in said generating area, and the primary unit further comprising magnetic material arranged over the further conductive elements for shielding the effects thereof.
 116. A primary unit as claimed in claim 106, having first and second spiral conductors arranged side by side with parts of both conductors in the generating area, the current in one of the first and second spiral conductors flowing in an anticlockwise direction and the current in the other one of the first and second spiral conductors flowing in a clockwise direction, and the plurality of conductive elements in said generating area comprising first conductive elements provided by different generally parallel sections of the first spiral conductor and second conductive elements provided by different generally parallel sections of the second spiral conductor.
 117. A primary unit as claimed in claim 106, having first and second such generating areas arranged side by side, the plurality of conductive elements comprising first conductive elements in said first generating area and second conductive elements in said second generating area, and also having a spiral conductor with first generally parallel sections in said first generating area which provide said first conductive elements and with second generally parallel sections in said second generating area which provide said second conductive elements, whereby a current flowing through said spiral conductor flows through each of said first conductive elements in one direction and through each of said second conductive elements in the opposite direction.
 118. A primary unit as claimed in claim 106, wherein said coil is wound around said magnetic core, said magnetic core has first and second opposite main faces, first parts of said coil extend across said first main face to provide a first such plurality of conductive elements in a first generating area which generate a first electromagnetic field across a first such power transfer area, and second parts of said coil extend across said second main face to provide a second such plurality of conductive elements in a second generating area which generate a second such electromagnetic field across a second such power transfer area.
 119. A primary unit as claimed in claim 106, having a first such plurality of conductive elements and a second such plurality of conductive elements, the first plurality of conductive elements extending across the generating area generally in a first direction and the second plurality of conductive elements extending across the generating area generally in a second direction substantially perpendicular to said first direction.
 120. A primary unit as claimed in claim 119, having a driving unit which drives said first and second pluralities of conductive elements alternately.
 121. A primary unit as claimed in claim 119, having a driving unit which drives said first and second pluralities of conductive elements in quadrature.
 122. A primary unit as claimed in claim 106, wherein the primary unit is in the form of a flat platform having a main face which provides said power transfer surface.
 123. A primary unit as claimed in claim 106, wherein said power transfer surface is substantially planar.
 124. A primary unit as claimed in claim 106, wherein said power transfer surface is curved.
 125. A system for transferring power without requiring direct electrical conductive contacts, comprising: a power transfer surface shaped and arranged such that a secondary device can be placed in a working disposition on or in proximity to a power transfer area of the surface to receive power; a primary unit comprising a field generator having a plurality of substantially coplanar conductive elements arranged at or beneath the power transfer surface in a generating area, which elements extend generally in parallel with one another across said generating area, and which generate an electromagnetic field distributed across the power transfer area, wherein the conductive elements have a mutual spacing sufficiently small that the secondary device overlaps two or more of the conductive elements when in its said working disposition, and the respective instantaneous currents which flow simultaneously through all the conductive elements in said generating area have the same general direction; and a secondary device separable from the primary unit and including at least one conductor with which the electromagnetic field generated by the field generator couples and induces a current to flow in the conductor when the secondary device is in its said working disposition.
 126. A system as claimed in claim 125, wherein said secondary device is carried in or by an object requiring power and can receive power from the primary unit when said object is placed on or in proximity to said power transfer surface so that the carried secondary device has its said working disposition.
 127. A system as claimed in claim 125, wherein said secondary device is carried in or by a rechargeable battery or cell fitted, or adapted to be fitted, into an object requiring power.
 128. A system as claimed in claim 127, wherein, when said battery or cell is fitted into said object and said object is placed on or in proximity to said power transfer surface so that said secondary device has its said working disposition, the battery or cell can be recharged without removing it from said object.
 129. A system as claimed in claim 126, wherein said object is a portable electrical or electronic device.
 130. A system as claimed in claim 126, wherein said object is a mobile communication device.
 131. A system as claimed in claim 126, wherein said power transfer area is large enough to accommodate simultaneously two or more such secondary devices carried in or by different respective such objects.
 132. A system as claimed in claim 125, wherein said primary unit is incorporated in an item of furniture having a surface which provides said power transfer surface.
 133. A system as claimed in claim 125, wherein the power transfer area is large enough to contain a footprint area of said secondary device in more than one position and/or orientation in which the secondary device can be placed, said footprint area being an area parallel to said power transfer surface occupied by said at least one conductor and/or by a core of the secondary device when the secondary device is in its said working disposition.
 134. A system as claimed in claim 133, wherein said power transfer area is large enough to contain said footprint area of said secondary device in any said orientation.
 135. system as claimed in claim 125, wherein the secondary device comprises a coil which provides said at least one conductor and which is arranged such that a central axis of the coil is substantially non-perpendicular to the power transfer surface when the secondary device is in its said working disposition.
 136. A system as claimed in claim 125, wherein the at least one conductor in the secondary device is wound about a core that serves to concentrate flux therein, and said core is arranged such that a longitudinal axis thereof is substantially non-perpendicular to the power transfer surface when the secondary device is in its said working disposition.
 137. A system for transferring power without requiring direct electrical conductive contacts, the system comprising: a power transfer surface shaped and arranged such that a secondary device can be placed in a working disposition on or in proximity to a power transfer area of the surface to receive power when the system is in use the power transfer area being large enough that the secondary device is placeable in more than one lateral position within the area; a primary unit having a field generator having, at or beneath the power transfer area, a plurality of substantially coplanar conductive elements for generating an electromagnetic field distributed over the power transfer area; and a secondary device separable from the primary unit and having a magnetic unit which is arranged to couple inductively with the electromagnetic field generated by the primary unit when the field lines of the field pass through the magnetic unit in a predetermined coupling direction, said magnetic unit being adapted to couple primarily with field lines of the field that are generally parallel to the power transfer surface; wherein the conductive elements extend in different directions within the power transfer area such that, in different parts of the power transfer area, each of length at least equal to a length of said magnetic unit in said coupling direction, the inductive elements extend generally in parallel with one another in a width direction of the part concerned and the respective instantaneous currents which flow simultaneously through all the conductive elements in the part concerned are unidirectional so that, within substantially the whole area of the part, resolved components of the field lines parallel to the power transfer surface extend generally in parallel with one another in the length direction of the part.
 138. A system as claimed in claim 137, wherein said field generator has a plurality of generating areas at or beneath said parts respectively, and a plurality of said conductive elements are distributed within each said generating area.
 139. A system as claimed in claim 138, wherein the conductive elements within any one of said generating areas extend generally in parallel with one another.
 140. A system as claimed in claim 138, wherein the plurality of conductive elements within each said generating area are substantially straight.
 141. A system as claimed in claim 138, wherein said primary unit further comprises a magnetic core across which the conductive elements extend.
 142. A system as claimed in claim 138, wherein at least one said generating area has a first such plurality of conductive elements and a second such plurality of conductive elements, the first plurality of conductive elements extending across the generating area generally in parallel with one another in a first direction and the second plurality of conductive elements extending across the generating area generally in parallel with one another in a second direction substantially perpendicular to the first direction.
 143. A system as claimed in claim 142, having a driving unit which drives said first and second pluralities of conductive elements alternately.
 144. A system as claimed in claim 142, having a driving unit which drives said first and second pluralities of conductive elements in quadrature.
 145. A system as claimed in claim 144, wherein said field generator has a plurality of conductors, each extending in a loop at or beneath said power transfer area, and the plurality of substantially coplanar conductive elements distributed within each said generating area include different portions of said conductors.
 146. A system as claimed in claim 145, wherein said loop is an irregular loop.
 147. A system as claimed in claim 145, wherein said loop is a generally circular loop.
 148. A system as claimed in claim 142, wherein said field generator comprises a first coil having a generally flat spiral shape and a second coil wound in a toroidal form through the centre of the first coil and out to the perimeter thereof in a radial fashion, said first plurality of substantially coplanar conductive elements distributed within each said generating area being provided by different portions of said first coil and said second plurality of substantially coplanar conductive elements distributed within each said generating area being provided by different portions of said second coil.
 149. A system as claimed in claim 137, wherein said magnetic unit comprises a coil, and said coil is arranged such that a central axis thereof is substantially non-perpendicular to the power transfer surface when the secondary device is in its said working disposition.
 150. A system as claimed in claim 137, wherein said magnetic unit comprises a flux-concentrating core, and said core is arranged such that a longitudinal axis thereof is substantially non-perpendicular to the power transfer surface when the secondary device is in its said working disposition.
 151. A primary unit for use in a power transfer system having a power transfer surface shaped and arranged such that a secondary device, separable from the primary unit, can be placed in a working disposition on or in proximity to the surface to receive power from the primary unit without requiring direct electrical conductive contacts between the primary unit and the secondary device, which primary unit comprises: field generating means, distributed in two dimensions across a generating area at or substantially parallel to said power transfer surface, for generating an electromagnetic field over a power transfer area of said surface within which area the secondary device can couple flux effectively when in its said working disposition and which area is not substantially smaller than said generating area; wherein the field generating means is configured such that, when a predetermined current is supplied thereto and the primary unit is effectively in electromagnetic isolation, field lines of the electromagnetic field generated by the field generating means are distributed in two dimensions over said power transfer area and, when considering the angles subtended by the field lines to a measurement plane that is parallel to the power transfer surface and is at the same distance therefrom as the secondary device when that device is in its said working disposition, an average of said angles over any quarter length part of the power transfer area, measured parallel to the direction of the field lines, is 45° or less.
 152. A primary unit for use in a power transfer system having a power transfer surface shaped and arranged such that a secondary device, separable from the primary unit, can be placed in a working disposition on or in proximity to a power transfer area of the surface to receive power from the primary unit without requiring direct electrical conductive contacts between the primary unit and the secondary device, the primary unit comprising: field generating means having a plurality of substantially coplanar conductive elements arranged at or beneath the power transfer surface in a generating area, which elements extend generally in parallel with one another across said generating area, for generating an electromagnetic field distributed across the power transfer area, wherein the conductive elements have a mutual spacing sufficiently small that the secondary device overlaps two or more of the conductive elements when in its said working disposition, and the respective instantaneous currents which flow simultaneously through all the conductive elements in said generating area have the same general direction. 